Correct Housing for a Mature and Producing Beef Cattle

Housing Management of Cattle and Buffalo Option of site for subcontract building Proper housing which is conducive to good wellness, comfort and protection from inclement weather and which would enable the animals to employ their genetic power and feed for optimal production. For structure of subcontract buildings pick of site is most of import. Before selecting a site the post-obit points are to be considered, Soil Soil must be suitable for strong foundation. Marcy, clay, sandy, rock soils are not suitable. Loamy and gravely soils are best suited for building construction. Availability of state There should be vast expanse to construct all building and should give style to future expansion of farm. Atleast ii-3 acre country is required for 200 cows adaptation. For 2 cows one-acre state is essential for fodder production. Drainage system Proper drainage of rain and subsoil water should exist provided to go on healthy environment and to protect the building from dampness. Availability of water Plenty of water is needed for farm operations like washing, fodder cultivation, processing of milk and byproducts and for drinking. Hence a water source which provides water constantly is essential. Electricity Information technology should be available at the site. Information technology is needed for operating various machines used in the farm and is the light source to the animals. Protection from air current and solar radiation If the farm building in open or exposed expanse, the wind breaks in the farm of tall quick growing trees should exist grown near the building. This will reduce the wind velocity and solar radiation. Protection from noise and other disturbance The farm site should be away from noise producing factory/chemical industry, sewage disposing expanse. The industrial effluents in the form of gaseous or liquid may pollute surrounding resource. Noise is also plant to bear on the animate being production. Hence the farm should be abroad from metropolis. Availability of market place facility The farm should be away from the city but at the same fourth dimension it should be nearer to city thereby the products produced from the farm could be marketed hands. Transport facility The subcontract buildings should be provided with adept road and also accept the accessibility to reach the market. This volition reduce the transport cost and avoid spoilage of products. Miscellaneous Other facilities like availability of telephone, nearby school for children of farm workers, postal service office, shopping heart and entertainment facilities should be provided. Factors to be considered while designing a livestock subcontract Dissimilar types of enterprises such as dairy, piggery, sheep and goat units need different building blueprint. So the design should be prepared to meet the need of a particular enterprise. Each enterprise may adapt different systems of production and management. The design may be influenced by enterprise also. The following factors may exist considered while designing a livestock farm, one. Designing for unit It is desirable to design the accommodation for a workable unit of measurement. It will give opportunity to written report the need of smaller group with regard to floor infinite, feeding space required for dissimilar kinds of animals. 2. Structural course Shape and design of building should encounter the needs of all classes of livestock. Uniformity in the appearance should be maintained. Nosotros accept to decide the number of animals to be housed in the building and number of buildings to be synthetic. 3. Designing for flexibility Animate being building has to be designed to meet the requirement of changing enterprises. This will increase the utility of buildings. Spacious building without pillars tin can be easily beingness adopted for unlike enterprises with little modifications in the building. For example large intensive dairy buildings can be used for rearing pig or sheep and caprine animal with lilliputian modification. four. Shape of the roof It is designed to suit the local climatic conditions. Gable with roof ventilator is necessary for hot condition. Monitor roof is suitable for edifice with smaller width. 5. Standard width of buildings Single row moo-cow shed should accept length of three. 80 to iv.25 metres and Double row moo-cow shed should have 7. 90 to 8.70 metres length. 6. Standard acme of the building The standard height of the building may differ co-ordinate to the roofing material and agro climatic status. vii. Length of building The standard length of edifice may be of any. Information technology may vary depends upon the number of animals housed. Length can be adamant based on the full stock to exist housed inside the building. Instance: In case of dairy 15-20 animals in unmarried row arrangement and twenty-50 animals in double row system and above 50 animals a carve up shed should be provided. Designing the creature edifice for production and product control 1. Environmental controlled house Recent trend in animal house is to control the bad effect of environmental factors to provide comfort condition to the animals. In tropical building, choice of building material and method should exist employed to forestall rut radiation from dominicus in to the building through roof, wall and surrounding ground. Not- conducting material with sufficient insulation will prevent diverse kinds of estrus radiation. Comfortable air velocity, optimum humidity should be maintained in the building. These entire factors will accept result on product, fertility, fecundity and prolificacy. ii. Quality of products High quality milk and egg can exist produced just in sure type of houses, which are specially designed for it. For example certified high quality eggs are produced only in cages with ringlet away floor organisation or in slatted floor organization. Certified high quality milk with depression bacterial counts tin be produced but in the parlour system of milking. three. Labour control One of the major expenses in a farm is the price of labour. Labour toll can be reduced and designing the animal house properly and labour efficiency can exist improved by double row arrangement of animals and fauna building facilitates circular travel and two-style job. Construction of alleys/passages similar feed aisle, milk alleys, egg drove alleys animal weighment yard are designed to reduce the labour cost. 4. Disease command Beast business firm should exist designed properly to issue disease command. Provision of washable and easily drained floor, washable walls volition command spread of diseases. Designing of suitable drainage system for quick and aseptic disposal of wastes is required for preventing disease. External loose box accommodation is necessary for isolation of sick animal. Dampness resistant surface will reduce the loftier humidity, which is the predisposing cause for respiratory illness in immature animals. v. Standard height of the building The tiptop of the edifice may differ co-ordinate to the covering material and agro climatic condition. 6. Length of the building The building may be of any length. In case of dairy fifteen-twenty animals in single row organization and 20 – 50 animals in double row system and above 50 animals a separate shed should be provided. The length can be determined based on the total stock to be housed with the building. Grooming of housing plan The following points should be considered before planning and designing animal houses It should exist of attractive appearance It should minimize labour cost Efficiency of the functioning should exist increased It should accept resale value Plan preparation is essential for construction of animal houses. First a crude programme which consists of post-obit should be prepared a. Site plan It is used to locate the site where the buildings are to be erected. It should contain details of diverse building arrangement, road formation and space between buildings etc volition exist located. b. Floor program It is the aeriform view of the unlike structures to exist erected within a farm edifice. It should comprise details like dimensions of the building, location of ventilators, and doorways will exist marked in the floor program. c. Elevation The appearance and view of the whole edifice will exist shown in the peak. d. Cross section t gives details of edifice foundation, type of floor, walls and roof of the building. The internal fittings, partition, feeding and securing devices should be clearly shown. e. Principal plan Afterward preparing the rough plans and found satisfactory a principal plan should exist prepared. The primary plans are prepared in semi-transparent paper with black ink as per calibration. From this mass production of plans will exist fabricated by subsequent process similar blue press. f. Van – Dyke print These are negatives of the original drawing. Black (or) blue lines are provided on the white dorsum footing in the negative. g. Blue impress Mass production of plans are made from negatives by exposing them to sensitive blue print paper developed in water and fixed in potassium dichromate. Information technology is used to estimate the cost and to carry out the construction work. h. Orientation The farm housing can be constructed facing route; other buildings may exist turned at an angle to road or reversed to accept advantage of the prevailing wind and sunlight. In general animal sheds are located with long axis east to west the paddock side facing the n to go direct sunlight during winter and to prevent entry of direct sunlight into the shed during other seasons.  GENERAL LAYOUT/ Arrangement OF BUILDINGS OF THE FARM Proper planning, designing and arrangement of diverse building in a farm is necessary for a successful enterprise. Layout is essential to increase the turn a profit, decrease the product toll, and to increase the efficiency of operations in the farm. The farm buildings tin can exist grouped into five major categories: a) Subcontract houses or homestead b) Farm buildings or farmstead c) Farm store a) Isolation shed e) Quarantine shed a) Farm houses or homestead Farm houses are the residential building meant for the person working in the farm. The subcontract house should never exist placed to the leeward side of the farm edifice. Attention to this betoken tends to prevent flies and smell from the manure heap being blown towards the dwelling houses. Farm firm should be located at windward side. The farm office should be located in the prominent place most probably at the center of the farm. The manager's house should be located at the entrance. This facilitates efficient supervision. All the buildings in the farm should be grouped together for efficient performance. The related enterprises must be grouped. The major enterprises which demand more attention should be located nearer the farm office. In mixed farming the piggery unit can exist located away from the dairy unit as well equally manager'south function. b. Subcontract buildings or farmstead These are meant for housing the livestock. The farm buildings should be kept well away from the farm house and worker's cottages. But consideration must be given to the distances existence not too smashing, otherwise stockmen or other animal attendants might be reluctant to turn out at nighttime or in bad weather to requite the animals the required attending. c. Farm store Farm shop is meant for storage of feed materials also as other farm products. d. Quarantine shed Quarantine shed should exist located at the entrance of the subcontract. So that new animals purchased from exterior may be kept and if they are constitute to exist free from diseases, it tin be included in the farm. e. Isolation shed It should be located away from the good for you beast shed. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS FOR A SHED 1. Foundation Foundation is the basic construction to exist put upwardly in any structure work. Information technology consists of ii parts namely 1. Footing 2. Foundation wall A. Footing Footing is the broad base of the foundation wall designed to conduct the load without settlement Dimension Heavy Light Width 24'' 12'' Depth 12'' viii'' B. Foundation wall The height of the foundation wall required for farm buildings depends on the soil condition of the site. Deeper foundation is necessary in loose soil and shallow in firm rocky soil. Generally the height for light farm building will vary from 18" to thirty". The thickness will vary from ix" to 12" a. Cloth used Foundation footing can be made of cement physical or brick and cement mortar. Concrete foundation is stronger and is called monolythick foundation. Brick foundation is provided with stepped upwards increase in width towards the base. Information technology is not so strong every bit concrete. b. Method of putting foundation Trenches of suitable size are put up to receive foundation. The base is hardened, made smooth and level. And so the basis and foundation wall is put up to ground level. The surface is smoothened and levelled over again. At this place, a 4% layer of damp proof course of asphalt or other material is introduced to forestall absorption of moisture. 2. Walls and Wall materials Walls are the supporting structures built above the foundation to enclose the buildings. They may be constructed with materials like brick, stones or concrete with thickness of 9", 12" and vi" respectively. Non-weight bearing walls of brick demand not exist thicker than iv ½". The height of the wall depends upon the type of animals to be housed under the building. Principles followed for finishing the walls in brute houses are as follows, The height up to 4 feet from floor should be finished smoother with hard cement plaster and made washable for reasons of hygiene. Corners should be filled and rounded to preclude accumulation of dust. The sharp edges and angles should exist rounded to prevent accident. A. Bricks a).Building bricks They are made out of brick globe, which are 50 per cent clay and 50 per cent sand. Rectangular blocks are prepared by molds and cut by machines. And then they are heated in the Kiln at proper temperature. Well made machine bricks will have standard dimensions of ix" x 4½ " 10 iii". They will have compatible shape, colour and texture and volition be sharp on angles. They produce articulate ringing sound when struck with difficult objects. b).Vitrified paving bricks These are hard, impervious and durable bricks paving more than 10 per cent of atomic number 26 oxide. They are heated at very loftier temperature to the point of vitification. They are grooved on the outer surface and have a strong and hard cease. They are damp proof. They are special bricks fabricated for use as flooring in animal houses. c).Glazed bricks These are small bricks fabricated of china clay and finished with glaze or enamel on the outer surface. They are used for providing sanitary finishes on walls and the places where hygienic condition and washable surfaces are necessary. They are very plush bricks. B. Stones a).Granite These are hard and natural stones. They may be black in colour or light Grey. They are durable and conditions resistance and are commonly used for the construction of walls and floors in beast buildings. The surface should be of roughened periodically by chipping. b).Whin stones They are as well hard rocks but not and then durable and weather resistant as granites. They are used for wall constructions and broken stones are uses as a common ingredient of cement concrete. c).Sand stones These are immature rocks of contempo formation. They are not strong and durable and not used in heavy constructions. They are capable of being dressed into unlike shapes and patterns. Hence, they are used for architectural works. C. Binding Materials a. Lime It is prepared course limestone, which are heated and slacked with water. The white power that is produced is called lime. b. Lime mortar It is prepared by mixing one role of lime with iii parts of pure sand adding sufficient quantity of water. c. Cement It is prepared from 70% chalk and thirty% clay, which is mixed with water to form a creamy fluid. It is allowed to settle and then the sediment is collected dried and roasted over kiln and basis into fine powder. Information technology is greyish and bluish Grey in color. It is an efficient binding fabric used for edifice bricks, stones and other materials. d. Cement mortar Cement and sand in i:3 ratios. e. Cement physical mixture Contents Quantity Broken granite stones 4 parts Sand 2 parts Cement ane part Water Quantity Sufficient 3. Roof Roof is provided for the purpose of protecting animals from hot dominicus and rain. It as well protects the internal structures. Information technology should be of uncomplicated type. Cheap materials have to be used for animal buildings. One of the essential qualities required for roof material in tropical condition is to take high insulation value. In the absence of this, the roof has to be insulated. A. Roof patterns i). Lean to type roof These are simple roof with single slope adopted for shed type of buildings. Roof ventilation cannot be provided in this pattern. In this blazon of roof one wall is higher than some other one to give necessary slope for roof. Information technology is suitable for maximum span of 2-4 meter. 2). Gable roof These are coupled roof with two slopes, roof ventilation tin be provided in this design the form of continuous ridge opening protected by louvre board. iii). Monitor roof The roof has 2 slopes, merely one overlaps other at the ridge of the roof with a ventilation gap of one feet. In this roof ventilation tin be provided in betwixt two slopes. This also suitable for tropical buildings and it serves the purposes of ventilating and lighting the building. iv). Semi monitor roof Roof has 2 slopes but one overlap the other at the ridge of roof with ventilating gap of 1 feet. v). Gothic arch This is an arched roof providing greater roof infinite used for store houses. Used for storage of feed. B. Covering materials Different materials are used equally roof covering. Careful selection of cloth is essential in tropical building to prevent the solar radiations. It is preferable to accept material with low conductivity of rut. The usually used roof materials are, i. Tiles They are cheap and easily available in about of the places. It conducts heat rapidly. Hence it is suitable for hot climate. Wind or accident easily amercement them. Information technology has to exist renewed periodically. There are ii types of tiles. a).Pan tiles or Mangalore tiles : These are rectangular tiles with grooves on outer surface and two nibs on the inner surface. They are lied i at the side of the other to cover the roof. b).Country tiles : These are semi-circular tiles of unlike shape and dimensions. They are used by keeping one over other in layers forming numerous air pockets, they conduct less heat. ii.Asbestos canvas These are commonly used in poultry buildings. Asbestos sheets are prepared past mixing cement mixture with varying quantities of vegetable fibers. They are bachelor every bit sheets of different dimensions with corrugated surfaces Sheets are easily fixed to roof trusses and more durable than tiles. Merely the houses under this roof will exist hotter during summer. iii. Aluminum Sheets Corrugated aluminum sheets of different thickness and dimensions are available in the market every bit roof coverings. They are 2 ½ feet width and varying length from 8 to 12 anxiety. They are very light and can exist easily fixed. The bright and polished surface of new sheets provides a reflective insulation and keeps the animal houses cool during summer. They are expensive but have a greater resale value. They are rust proof and therefore they are more durable. Iii. Thatched Roof This roof is made of either kokosnoot or Palmyra leaves. Sometimes hay and straw are used as roof coverings. They are inexpensive and poor conductors of heat. They keep the business firm cool in summer. They are non-durable and has to be removed yearly or once in two year. They are very decumbent for burn down blow. four. Galvanized iron sheets These are iron sheets, which are galvanized on the surface and provided with corrugation. They are available in standard dimension of vi feet x 3 feet. Galvanized sheets are normally used in beast houses but this sheet keeps the house very hot during summer. It is suggested that canvas should be painted white on outer side to avoid assimilation of rut. They are stiff and may be rusted later on long use. 4. Construction of floor Floor is the of import part of the edifice. Floor is the one, which is frequently used by animals for various purposes as resting, motion, feeding and milking etc. So the floor must take all the qualities, which are required to meet the purpose. It must exist strong equally durable to withstand the weight to difficult roof of the building and movement of difficult hoof of the animals. Durability is besides required for economical point of view. Floor must facilitate hygienic feeding and constructive removal of waste product both liquid and solid. The floor should be laid on solid and meaty foundation. Information technology should take a gradient of 1/60 from manger to the rear dung aqueduct. Non slippery quality is needed to avoid blow slipping especially in example of big animals. Grooves and roughened surface should exist provided. a. Floor materials Different materials are used for animal firm flooring. The choice depends on availability, toll and other quality required for the animate being houses. Cement physical floor Vitrified paving bricks Stones Building bricks Gravel i). Cement concrete flooring This is a mutual material used in animal house. It is cheap and durable floor if properly constructed. In tropical condition, it provides the required absurd condition for the animals. Groove and rough surface are to be provided for preventing accident. 2). Building bricks They are sometimes used as a flooring cloth. They are not good floor materials. They absorb water and are easily worn out. They are fix on edges closely and packed with good quality of cement. three). Vitrified paving bricks These are hard impervious bricks with grooves on the surface. It is an ideal flooring for animals because of durability and damp proof condition. The bricks are set over the bottom and a cushion of sand. The joints are coated with cement mortar. iv). Stones Granite stones are used in place where they are hands available. They are made into a cake. The floor surface is roughened and laid over a cushion of sand. It is durable and stiff and cheap. five). Gravel Fine quality of gravel can exist used equally cheap quality flooring materials. It absorbs water and worn out rapidly. Periodical repair and maintenance is required. During disease outbreak disinfection is not possible with this type of flooring. Lime dressing and smearing of cow dung mixture will assistance in proper maintenance of floor. This flooring will be sufficient for sheep and goat. b. Pattern of floor i). Solid floor Information technology is a common floor with solid surface fabricated out of different materials such equally cement concrete, vitrified paving brick, edifice brick, stones and gravel. Such solid floors should be laid properly for good drainage. A gradient of one/forty to one/60 is desirable towards the dung channel. Even surface with impervious quality is necessary to prevent water stagnation. Proper cleaning and disinfection are essential to control diseases. ii). Deep litter floor It is made of bedding material as dried layers. Straw, paddy husk, saw dust groundnut hulls, dried leaves are spread on the floor used every bit litter materials. It can be spread every bit layer of four-half-dozen inches thickness and can exist allowed to accrue over a period of a month to 1 twelvemonth. The litter get mixed with excreta and decomposed. The dried litter materials blot the moisture. Hence bacterial activity is controlled. Excessive bacterial action in the deep litter is kept controlled by add-on of lime. 1. Housing of Cattle and Buffaloes In India, a great diversity exists in the design of dairy creature shelters. Traditional brute shelters have grown out of needs, resources and ingenuity of farmers. Edifice design and construction materials largely affect the thermal condolement inside dairy shelters. Efficiently designed sheds tin can help lesser the thermal stress thereby increasing feed intake, milk production and reproductive efficiency. Under varied climatic, geographical and economic weather prevailing in Republic of india, designing an platonic set of edifice for dairy animals throughout the country is impossible. Hence, practically there are ii systems of housing for dairy animals viz. a. Loose housing and b. Conventional barns a. Loose Housing It is a system of housing in which animals are kept loose in an open up paddock throughout the twenty-four hours and night except at the time of milking and handling. In this system, shelter is provided forth one side of open up paddock nether which animals can retire when it is very hot or cold or during rains. Common feed manger and h2o tank is provided and concentrates are fed at the milking time which is washed in a separate milking barn or parlour in which cows are secured at milking time and are milked. The open paddock is enclosed past ways of half walls or plain wire fences of convenient tiptop. Advantages Price of construction is cheaper. Future expansion is possible. The animals will move freely so that it will get sufficient exercise. The animal can be kept make clean. Common feeding and watering organisation is possible. Clean milk product is possible because the animals are milked in a separate milking barn. Heat detection is easy. At least ten-fifteen pct more than stock than standard tin exist accommodated for shorter catamenia. Disadvantages Information technology is not suitable for temperate Himalayan region and heavy rainfall areas. It requires more than floor space. There is contest for feed. Attending of private animal is non possible. A carve up milking barn is needed for milking of animals. b. Conventional Barns or Stanchion Barns In this system of housing, the animals are confined together on a platform and secured at neck by stanchions or neck chain. The animals are fed equally wells as milked in the same barn. These barns are completely covered with roofs and the sidewalls are closed with windows or ventilator located at suitable places to get more ventilation and lighting. It is applicable for temperate and heavy rainfall region. The same type of housing tin be utilized for tropical region with slight modification. Advantages The animals and men caring for animals are less exposed to harsh environs. The animals tin can exist kept clean. Diseases are amend controlled. Private care can be given. Split up milking barn is not required. Disadvantages Cost of construction is more. Future expansion is hard. Non suitable for hot and humid climatic conditions. 2. Various Buildings or units required for a Dairy farm Dairy cow building must accept following parts Feeding passage Manger Continuing space Gutter or drainage channel Milking passage Chief building units Milking befouled or parlour Downward calver shed / calving pen Calf pen Young stock or heifer shed Dry fauna shed Balderdash shed Isolation shed Quarantine shed Accessory buildings Store room Milk room Hay or straw shed Main Building Units 1. Dairy cow building The milch animal shed should have the post-obit parts Feeding passage Manger Continuing infinite Gutter or drainage channel Milking passage Single row system In single row organisation, 12-16 numbers of animals can be kept. Double row arrangement If it is greater than 16, then double row system is preferable. In double row system up to 50 animals tin can be maintained in a unmarried shed. The distance betwixt two sheds should be greater than 30 anxiety or information technology should be twice the acme of the building. In double row organization two methods available. They are Tail to tail or face–out method Head to head or face–in method ane. Tail to tail organization Advantages Cleaning and milking of animals easy. Supervision of milking as well easy. Less chance for manual of diseases from animal to animal. Animals can become more fresh air from exterior. 2. Caput to head system Advantages Getting animals into the shed is piece of cake. Feeding of animals also easy. Disinfection of gutter will exist more due to the direct fall of sunrays over the gutter. Animals are better exhibited to visitors Disadvantages Milking supervision is difficult. Possibilities of transmission of disease are more than. a. Milking befouled or parlour This is a barn where milch animals are milked and is fully covered. It should be located at the center of the farm with all other farm buildings arranged around information technology. There shall be an individual standing in the milking barns and the number of standings required should be 25% of full number of milch animals in the herd. The milking operation should be carried out in batches. Dimensions of milking befouled Length of standing space : 1.five – i.7 m Width of continuing infinite : 1.05 – ane.2m (80% of length, of standing space) Width of cardinal passage : ane.5 – one.viii m Width of feed aisle : 0.75 thousand Width of gutter : 0.30 m Overhang : 0.75 g b. Down calver shed/ calving pen Pregnant animals are transferred to a calving pen 2 to iii weeks before the expected date of calving. Calving pen of 3m x 4m (12 m2) is essential to keep the animals in advanced stage of pregnancy. It should be located nearer to the farmer's quarters for meliorate supervision. The number of calving pens required is x% of the number of total breedable female stock in the subcontract. c. Calf pen This is meant for housing young calves separately. It can be located either at the stop or on the side of the milking befouled. This facilitates taking calves to their dams quickly. If there are large numbers of calves, the separate unit of calf shed should be arranged and located nearer to the milking barn. d. Young stock/ heifer shed It is meant for housing young heifers separately. Older heifers calves from about six months of age to breeding age are to exist housed separately from the suckling calves. When a big number of young stocks are there, they should be divided into different age groups and each group housed separately. e. Dry animal shed In large farms, milch and dry cows are housed separately. The floor in the covered area should preferably be made of cement concrete. Under Indian conditions, in smaller farms, milch and dry animals can be housed together. Normally, one third of the animals in a farm volition be in dry or in dry cum pregnant phase. f. Balderdash shed Information technology is meant for housing bulls separately in a farm. It should be constructed towards one finish of the subcontract. There shall exist one shed for each bull. The number of bulls required existence one for every 50 breedable females on the subcontract, if natural convenance is practiced. When artificial insemination service facilities are available, no necessary to keep the bulls on the farm. The bull shed shall have covered 3x4 metre dimensions, leading into a paddock of 120 square metres. g. Isolation shed It is the separation of ill animals from apparently healthy animals to avoid transmission of diseases to healthy stock. Information technology should exist located at the corner of the shed. h. Quarantine shed It should be located at the archway of the farm. The newly purchased animals entering into the farm should be kept in quarantine shed for a minimum period of 30 to xl days to watch out for whatsoever disease occurrence Accessory buildings a. Store room All the four walls should be closed and it should be rat proof. At that place should be ane concrete store room with feed mixing unit of measurement at a afar place and a smaller feed store room behind the milking parlour. b. Milk room It is essential to keep the milk and likewise to arctic the milk in larger dairies having 400 to 700 litres production chapters that requires three.7 thousand 10 5m size of room and an boosted 0.37 m2 for every 40 litres of milk production. For a smaller dairy unit beneath 100 litres a small room with a dimension of 3.75m x 3m tin be sufficient for storing milk and concentrate feed. c. Hay or straw shed An developed animal eat most 5 to ten Kg of hay or straw per day, while immature stock consume most ii to 5 kg of hay or harbinger per 24-hour interval. The annual requirement tin be calculated and the space requirement tin be arrived. Floor infinite requirements Blazon of fauna Floor infinite requirement (m2) Maximum no of animals / pen Pinnacle of the shed ( cm) Covered area Open expanse Bulls 12.0 24.0 1 175 cm. in medium and heavy rain autumn and 220 cm. in dry areas. Cows iii.v 7.0 fifty Buffaloes four.0 8.0 50 Down – calver 12.0 12.0 one Immature – calves one.0 2.0 30 Old – calves 2.0 4.0 30 Feeding and watering infinite requirements Type of animal Space per animal (cm) Full manger length in a pen for 100 animals(cm) Total water tank length in a pen for 100 animals (cm) Developed cattle & buffaloes 60 – 75 6000 – 7500 600 – 750 Calves 40 – 50 4000 – 5000 400 – 500 Dimensions of feed manger Type of brute Width (cm) Depth (cm) Peak of inner wall (cm) Adult cattle and buffaloes 60 40 fifty Calves twoscore 15 20 The main objective in planning and designing of calf housing is to provide an environment which will minimize the requirement for veterinarian help, minimize calf bloodshed and encourage the production of healthy calves. The calf housing should provide a suitable environment to both the calf as well as the stockman. Key requirements in a calf shed Provide dry out bedding. Well ventilated surroundings. A specific minimum cubic air capacity per dogie. A dry bed is important to reduce oestrus loss to the floor and minimize the utilize of straw. Moisture removal from a calf business firm is ordinarily accompanied past a combination of drainage and ventilation. Good ventilation too removes the products such every bit ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide and methane. The cubic air capacity per dogie is important in all dogie housing designs considering it dilutes the intensity of illness producing organism in a building thus reducing the danger of cross infection. Height and space provided in the housing allows the air to be introduced into a calf business firm well to a higher place the level of calves thus, minimizing the take chances of draught at calf level during wintertime months. If all-in all-out system is skillful proper disinfection and cleaning operation between batches should exist ensured. A minimum period of 3 weeks between batches should be immune. The age range in a group of calves should be narrow. Merely calves from the similar groundwork should be grouped together wherever practicable. Types of housing Dogie housing is basically of three types. They are To house dairy and beef calves reared for replacement or for beef product. To firm calves reared for veal production. To house sucking calves. About of the calves reared come nether the beginning category. The type of housing used for dogie rearing varies from situation to situation. There is great diverseness of opinion whether the calves should be reared in individual pen or in groups. In India, calves are more often than not reared in groups in ordinary stall befouled or in the same house forth with developed cattle. Fifty-fifty in organized farms, situation is not much different. In India, high level of calf mortality amounting betwixt 30 to twoscore% in many farms tin be attributable to this kind of housing and management of calves. Private pens should be constructed so that they tin can be easily cleaned and disinfected. Private pens provide effective separation for each dogie. This prevents naval sucking and prevents the spread of disease through facial or other contact. If railed pen divisions are used, contact is non completely prevented so that they can able to run into each other. Simply in other types of housing, the contact is completely prevented. Information technology is better to go along the calves in private pens at least 1 month, if possible, upwards to 3 months. Afterwards 3 months, 3 to 5 calves are kept in single pen. After half-dozen months to breedable age, the animals are kept in singles. Later 6 months of historic period the male person calves are usually disposed for either convenance or slaughter purpose. For ease of management, dogie shed or calf unit should be placed side by side to the dairy unit. Recommended floor space requirement for different age group of calves Age of Calves (months) Flooring space requirement covered area(m2) Floor space requirement open surface area(m2) Number of calves per pen 0-3 1.0 ii 24 3-6 1.5 3 16 half-dozen-12 2.0 4 12 Bull is half of the herd, is literally true in the sense that the dairy bull contributes the off-spring half of the herd's genotype. In hot regions, the bull'south semen production is affected if it has not been properly housed. So, adequate, well facilitated bull business firm is needed to amend the convenance efficiency in a dairy farm. Bulls are housed in pen and g system. Bulls must be housed individually; information technology may be housed in singe row or double row organisation. Purpose To protect from inclement atmospheric condition and for safety and easy handling. Provisions for practise. To meliorate the reproductive efficiency in the dairy farm. Floor space requirement In the covered expanse 12m2 per balderdash tin can exist provided and the open up exercise yard 120m2 per bull. If open up thou is not provided the bull exerciser is needed. Construction principles Wall In an enclosed loose box, the solid wall should be constructed with the height of 1.5 meter and to a higher place these walls two or iii horizontal tubular rods with the gap of 20 to 30 cm are fixed. Floor Floor should be laid properly for bulls because this will help to reduce the hoof trouble. Flooring tin be constructed with rough cement physical and should have a gradient slope of i/40 to i/threescore to have like shooting fish in a barrel accessibility to the drainage channel. In hot regions, the flooring should be absurd in summer and should insulate the heat properly. More often than not, vitrified paving bricks can be used in society to prevent glace floors. Roof Gable or monitor roof with eaves of 2.five – 3 grand height should be provided and ridge height should be 3.2 – three.5 m. Roofing fabric used for the bull shed in hot regions should be of good insulating property and poor electrical conductivity of heat. Generally, asbestos or galvanized iron sheets are used as the roofing materials. Fittings and facilities Manger A cement concrete manger with the dimension of 60 cm width, 40 cm depth and 50 cm top of inner wall should be provided inside the bull shed. The essential office of fitting in the manger is construction or provision of yoke or tubular stanchions set over the manger. Water trough The balderdash shed should have a water trough with the dimension of about sixty to 75 cm length. The all-time method for watering in balderdash shed is by automated water bowl. Doorway Each bull box should have a main entrance of the half door type 4 feet width and 7feet height, the upper part of the doorway having two strong bars across the opening to prevent any possibility of a bull jumping the lower door when the upper half is left open. Provision should be made on the contrary finish of the box for a means of exit, either to a feeding passage or yard. Thou A m is an open area for the bull and should be of 120m2 and the 1000 should exist enclosed on all sides by 0.iii chiliad solid wall and atomic number 26 tubular rods as partitions to a summit of 1.2 thou placed at 0.25 m intervals. A doorway of 1.2 m width is provided at the end of the m. The yard should have the flooring with cement physical type and should be grooved and roughened properly and should take easy access to the drainage organisation. The balderdash yard is provided for the bulls for the purpose of exercise and also they can view the other animals of the herd so that the feeling of isolation tin can be avoided for the bulls. Service crate The exercise yard should too communicate with a service crate through a swing gate which serves the use of an attendant to bring the bull to the service crate. The semen collection yard and processing laboratory should be shut to the bull business firm. One bull is required for fifty breedable cows. If, AI is practised there is no need for maintaining bulls. Protection confronting hot climatic weather The libido and semen quality of bull vary with flavor and they decrease during summertime due to hot weather condition. Bull should exist housed in cool and well ventilated shed. Showering or splashing of common cold water 2-iii times during hotter part of the twenty-four hour period is also effective. The bulls tin can exist taken for grazing or exercise in the early morning or tardily evening i.e., libation part of the day. Planting quick growing tall trees around the shed to provide natural shade and good ventilation which will as well reduce the consequence of unfavorable solar radiation. Spreading harbinger over the roof may reduce the oestrus inside the animal house. The upper surface of the roof may exist painted with white or calorie-free coloured textile to reflect the oestrus. The underside of the roof may be painted with black or nighttime colour.

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