1 A Review How Is the Lac Operon Regulated? Quizlet
Trouble 1
Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(south)?
a. only the transcriptional level
b. epigenetic and transcriptional levels
c. epigenetic and transcriptional and translational levels
d. epigenetic and transcriptional, translational, and mail-translational levels
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Problem two
What do figures X and Y in the graphic illustrate?
a. Transcription and translation in a eukaryotic cell (effigy 10) and a prokaryotic cell (figure Y).
b. Transcription and translation in a prokaryotic cell (effigy X) and a eukaryotic cell (effigy Y).
c. Transcription in a eukaryotic cell (figure 10) and translation in a prokaryotic cell (figure Y).
d. Transcription in a prokaryotic cell (figure Ten) and translation in a eukaryotic cell (figure Y)
Eric Thousand.
Numerade Educator
Problem 3
If glucose is absent-minded but lactose is nowadays, the lac operon will exist:
a. activated
b. repressed
c. partially activated
d. mutated
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Problem 4
.What would happen if the operator sequence of the lac operon contained a mutation that prevented the repressor protein from binding the operator?
a. In the presence of lactose, the lac operon will not be transcribed.
b. In the absence of lactose, the lac operon will be transcribed.
c. The cAMP-CAP complex will not increase RNA synthesis.
d. The RNA polymerase volition not bind the promoter.
Eric Thou.
Numerade Educator
Trouble five
What would happen if the operator sequence of the trp operon contained a mutation that prevented the repressor poly peptide from bounden to the operator?
a. In the absenteeism of tryptophan, the genes trpA-Eastward will not be transcribed.
b. In the absenteeism of tryptophan, only genes trpE and trpD will be transcribed.
c. In the presence of tryptophan, the genes trpA-E volition exist transcribed.
d. In the presence of tryptophan, the trpE gene will non exist transcribed.
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Problem 6
What are epigenetic modifications?
a. the add-on of reversible changes to histone proteins and DNA
b. the removal of nucleosomes from the Dna
c. the add-on of more nucleosomes to the Dna
d. mutation of the DNA sequence
Eric G.
Numerade Educator
Trouble seven
Which of the following statements about epigenetic regulation is fake?
a. Histone poly peptide charge becomes more positive when acetyl groups are added.
b. Dna molecules are modified within CpG islands.
c. Methylation of DNA and histones causes nucleosomes to pack tightly together.
d. Histone acetylation results in the loose packing of nucleosomes.
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Problem 8
Which of the following is true of epigenetic changes?
a. They only let factor expression.
b. They allow movement of histones.
c. They change the DNA sequence.
d. They are always heritable.
Eric G.
Numerade Educator
Problem 9
The bounden of what is required for transcription start?
a. a protein
b. Dna polymerase
c. RNA polymerase
d. a transcription factor
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Trouble 10
What would be the event of a mutation that prevented Dna binding proteins from being produced?
a. decreased transcription considering transcription factors would not bind to transcription binding sites
b. decreased transcription because enhancers would not be able to demark to transcription factors
c. increased transcription because repressors would not be able to bind to promoter regions
d. increased transcription considering RNA polymerase would be able to increment bounden to promoter regions
Eric G.
Numerade Educator
Problem 11
What volition result from the binding of a transcription cistron to an enhancer region?
a. decreased transcription of an next gene
b. increased transcription of a afar gene
c. amending of the translation of an adjacent gene
d. initiation of the recruitment of RNA polymerase
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Trouble 12
Which of the post-obit are involved in posttranscriptional command?
a. control of RNA splicing
b. ubiquitination
c. proteolytic cleavage
d. phosphorylation
Eric G.
Numerade Educator
Problem 13
Gene A is idea to be associated with color blindness. The protein respective to factor A is isolated. Analysis of the protein recovered shows there are actually ii different proteins that differ in molecular weight that correspond to factor A. What is 1 reason why there may be two proteins respective to the gene?
a. I protein had a 5' cap and a poly-A tail in its mRNA, and the other protein did not.
b. Ane protein had a 5' UTR and a 3' UTR in its RNA, and the other protein did not.
c. The cistron was alternatively spliced.
d. The gene produced mRNA molecules with differing stability.
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Trouble 14
Bounden of an RNA bounden poly peptide will change the stability of the RNA molecule in what fashion?
a. increment
b. decrease
c. neither increase nor decrease
d. either increment or decrease
Eric G.
Numerade Educator
Trouble 15
A mutation in the 5'UTR that prevents any proteins from bounden to the region volition:
a. increase or decrease the stability of the RNA molecule
b. prevent translation of the RNA molecule
c. prevent splicing of the RNA molecule
d. increment or decrease the length of the poly-A tail
Alyssa M.
Numerade Educator
Problem sixteen
Mail service-translational modifications of proteins can affect which of the following?
a. mRNA splicing
b. 5'capping
c. 3'polyadenylation
d. chemical modifications
Eric G.
Numerade Educator
Trouble 17
A mutation is found in eIF-2 that impairs the initiation of translation. The mutation could touch on all but one of the post-obit functions of eIF-2. Which ane would not be afflicted?
a. The mutation prevents eIF-two from bounden to RNA.
b. The mutation prevents eIF-2 from being phosphorylated.
c. The mutation prevents eIF-2 from binding to GTP.
d. The mutation prevents eIF-2 from binding to the 40S ribosomal subunit
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Trouble 18
The addition of a ubiquitin group to a protein does what?
a. increases the stability of the protein
b. decreases translation of the protein
c. increases translation of the protein
d. marks the protein for degradation
Eric G.
Numerade Educator
Problem nineteen
What are cancer-causing genes called?
a. transformation genes
b. tumor suppressor genes
c. oncogenes
d. protooncogenes
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Problem 20
Targeted therapies are used in patients with a certain gene expression pattern. A targeted therapy that prevents the activation of the estrogen receptor in breast cancer would be benign to what blazon of patient?
a. patients who limited the EGFR receptor in normal cells
b. patients with a mutation that inactivates the estrogen receptor
c. patients with over-expression of ER blastoff in their tumor cells
d. patients with over-expression of VEGF, which helps in tumor angiogenesis
Eric G.
Numerade Educator
Trouble 21
In a new cancer treatment, a common cold virus is genetically modified so that it binds to, enters, and is replicated in cells, causing them to burst. The modified cold virus cannot replicate when wildtype p53 poly peptide is present in the jail cell. How does this treatment treat cancer without harming salubrious cells?
a. The modified virus only infects and enters cancer cells.
b. The modified virus replicates in normal and cancer cells.
c. The modified virus simply infects and enters normal cells.
d. The modified virus replicates only in cancer cells.
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Problem 22
A drug designed to switch silenced genes back on in cancer cells would result in what?
a. forbid methylation of DNA and deacetylation of histones
b. prevent methylation of Dna and acetylation of histones
c. prevent deacetylation of Deoxyribonucleic acid and methylation of histones
d. foreclose acetylation of DNA and demethylation of histones
Eric G.
Numerade Educator
Problem 23
What are positive prison cell-cycle regulators that tin cause cancer when mutated called?
a. transformation genes
b. tumor suppressor genes
c. oncogenes
d. mutated genes
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Problem 24
Which best distinguishes prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a. Prokaryotes possess a nucleus whereas eukaryotes do not, but eukaryotes evidence greater
compartmentalization that allows for greater regulation of gene expression.
b. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus whereas prokaryotes do not, and eukaryotes show greater
compartmentalization that allows for greater regulation of gene expression.
c. Prokaryotic cells are less complex and perform highly-regulated gene expression whereas
eukaryotes perform less-regulated gene expression.
d. Eukaryotic cells are more complex and perform less-regulated cistron expression whereas
prokaryotic cells perform highly-regulated gene expression.
Amrita N.
Numerade Educator
Trouble 25
Which statement is right regarding the stardom between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cistron expression?
a. Prokaryotes regulate cistron expression at the level of transcription whereas eukaryotes regulate at
multiple levels including epigenetic, transcriptional and translational.
b. Prokaryotes regulate cistron expression at the level of translation whereas eukaryotes regulate at the level of transcription to dispense protein levels.
c. Prokaryotes regulate gene expression with the help of repressors and activators whereas eukaryotes regulate expression by degrading mRNA transcripts, thereby controlling protein
levels.
d. Prokaryotes control protein levels using epigenetic modifications whereas eukaryotes control protein levels past regulating the rate of transcription and translation.
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Problem 26
All the cells of i organisms share the genome. Even so, during development, some cells develop into
skin cells while others develop into muscle cells. How can the same genetic instructions result in two different cell types in the same organism? Thoroughly explain your respond.
Eric One thousand.
Numerade Educator
Problem 27
Which of the post-obit statements describes prokaryotic transcription of the lac operon?
a. When lactose and glucose are present in the medium, transcription of the lac operon is
induced.
b. When lactose is present just glucose is absent, the lac operon is repressed.
c. Lactose acts as an inducer of the lac operon when glucose is absent.
d. Lactose acts as an inducer of the lac operon when glucose is present.
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Problem 28
The lac operon consists of regulatory regions such every bit the promoter every bit well as the structural genes lacZ, lacY, and lacA, which code for proteins involved in lactose metabolism. What would exist the outcome of a mutation in 1 of the structural genes of the lac operon?
a. Mutation in structural genes will finish transcription.
b. Mutated lacY will produce an abnormal $\beta$ galactosidase protein.
c. Mutated lacA will produce a poly peptide that will transfer an acetyl group to $\beta$ galactosidase.
d. Transcription will continue but lactose volition not be metabolized properly.
Eric G.
Numerade Educator
Problem 29
In some diseases, alteration to epigenetic modifications turns off genes that are commonly expressed.
Hypothetically, how could you reverse this procedure to plough these genes dorsum on?
Alyssa M.
Numerade Educator
Trouble xxx
Flowering Locus C (FLC) is a gene that is responsible for flowering in certain plants. FLC is expressed in new seedlings, which prevents flowering. Upon exposure to cold temperatures, FLC expression decreases and the institute flowers. FLC is regulated through epigenetic modifications. What blazon of epigenetic modifications are nowadays in new seedlings and after cold exposure?
a. In new seedlings, histone acetylations are present; upon common cold exposure, methylation occurs.
b. In new seedlings, histone deacetylations are present; upon cold exposure, methylation occurs.
c. In new seedlings, histone methylations are present; upon cold exposure, acetylation occurs.
d. In new seedlings, histone methylations are present; upon cold exposure, deacetylation occurs
Eric M.
Numerade Educator
Problem 31
A mutation within the promoter region can alter gene transcription. Describe how this tin can happen.
a. Mutated promoters decrease the rate of transcription past altering the bounden site for the transcription cistron.
b. Mutated promoters increase the charge per unit of transcription by altering the bounden site for the transcription cistron.
c. Mutated promoters alter the binding site for transcription factors to increase or subtract the
rate of transcription.
d. Mutated promoters alter the binding site for transcription factors and thereby finish transcription of the next gene.
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Problem 32
What could happen if a cell had likewise much of an activating transcription cistron nowadays?
a. The transcription rate would increment, altering cell function.
b. The transcription rate would decrease, inhibiting cell functions.
c. The transcription rate decreases due to bottleneck of the transcription factors.
d. The transcription charge per unit increases due to bottleneck of the transcription factors.
Eric K.
Numerade Educator
Problem 33
3. The $wnt$ transcription pathway is responsible for key changes during brute development. Based on the transcription pathway shown below. In this diagram, arrows indicate the transformation of i substance into another. Square lines, or the lines with no arrowheads, indicate inhibition of the product below the line. Based on this, how would increased $wnt$ gene expression bear on the expression of Bar-1?
Figure xvi.xvi
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Trouble 34
Describe how RBPs can prevent miRNAs from degrading an RNA molecule.
a. RBPs can bind starting time to the RNA, thus preventing the binding of miRNA, which degrades RNA.
b. RBPs bind the miRNA, thereby protecting the mRNA from degradation.
c. RBPs methylate miRNA to inhibit its function and thus cease mRNA degradation.
d. RBPs direct miRNA degradation with the aid of a DICER protein circuitous.
Eric G.
Numerade Educator
Problem 35
How tin external stimuli alter post-transcriptional command of gene expression?
a. UV rays can alter methylation and acetylation of proteins.
b. RNA binding proteins are modified through phosphorylation.
c. External stimuli tin cause deacetylation and demethylation of the transcript.
d. UV rays can cause dimerization of the RNA binding proteins.
Prashant B.
Numerade Educator
Trouble 36
Protein modifications can alter gene expression in many ways. Describe how phosphorylation of proteins tin can modify factor expression.
a. Phosphorylation of proteins can alter translation, RNA shuttling, RNA stability or post transcriptional modification.
b. Phosphorylation of proteins can alter DNA replication, cell segmentation, pathogen recognition
and RNA stability.
c. Phosphorylated proteins affect only translation and can cause cancer by altering the p53
function.
d. Phosphorylated proteins bear on only RNA shuttling, RNA stability, and mail-translational
modifications.
Eric Thou.
Numerade Educator
Problem 37
Changes in epigenetic modifications alter the accessibility and transcription of Dna. Depict how
environmental stimuli, such as ultraviolet light exposure, could modify gene expression.
a. UV rays could cause methylation and deacetylation of the genes that could alter the accessibility and transcription of DNA.
b. The UV rays could cause phosphorylation and acetylation of the Dna and histones which could alter the transcriptional capabilities of the Dna.
c. UV rays could cause methylation and phosphorylation of the Deoxyribonucleic acid bases which could become dimerized rendering no accessibility of Deoxyribonucleic acid.
d. The UV rays can cause methylation and acetylation of histones making the Dna more than tightly packed and leading to inaccessibility.
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Problem 38
New drugs are being developed that decrease Dna methylation and prevent the removal of acetyl groups from histone proteins. Explicate how these drugs could affect gene expression to help kill tumor cells.
a. These drugs maintain the demethylated and the acetylated forms of the Dna to keep transcription of necessary genes "on".
b. The demethylated and the acetylated forms of the Dna are reversed when the silenced gene is expressed.
c. The drug methylates and acetylates the silenced genes to turn them dorsum "on".
d. Drugs maintain DNA methylation and acetylation to silence unimportant genes in cancer cells.
Eric G.
Numerade Educator
Problem 39
How tin can understanding the cistron expression blueprint in a cancer jail cell tell you something about that specific class of cancer?
a. Agreement gene expression patterns in cancer cells will identify the faulty genes, which is helpful in providing the relevant drug treatment.
b. Understanding factor expression will help diagnose tumor cells for antigen therapy.
c. Gene profiling would place the target genes of the cancer-causing pathogens.
d. Chest cancer patients who do not express EGFR tin respond to anti-EGFR therapy.
Alyssa M.
Numerade Educator
Problem 40
Explicate what personalized medicine is and how it can exist used to treat cancer.
a. Personalized medicines would vary based on the type of mutations and the factor's expression pattern.
b. The medicines are given based on the blazon of tumor found in the body of an individual.
c. The personalized medicines are provided based only on the symptoms of the patient.
d. The medicines tend to vary depending on the severity and the stage of the cancer.
Eric G.
Numerade Educator
Problem 41
Which of the following is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
a. iii' poly-A tails
b. 5' caps
c. promoters
d. introns
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Trouble 42
The enzyme ployadenylate polymerase catalyzes the addition of adenosine monophosphate to the 3' ends of mRNAs to form a poly-A tail. If the enzyme were blocked and so that it could not function, the result would exist:
a. increased mRNA stability in eukaryotes, and decreased mRNA stability in prokaryotes
b. decreased mRNA stability in eukaryotes, and no effect in prokaryotes
c. no consequence in eukaryotes, and increased mRNA stability in prokaryotes
d. no outcome in eukaryotes, and decreased mRNA stability in prokaryotes
Eric Thou.
Numerade Educator
Problem 43
Describe two ways in which gene regulation differs and 2 ways in which it is like in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
a. Prokaryotes show co-transcriptional translation whereas eukaryotes perform transcription prior
to translation; in both cell types, regulation occurs through the bounden of transcription factors, activators, and repressors.
b. Prokaryotes perform transcription prior to translation whereas eukaryotes bear witness cotranscriptional translation (the processes occur in the same organelle).
c. Prokaryotes testify co-transcriptional translation that is regulated prior to translation whereas eukaryotes perform transcription prior to translation that is regulated only at the level of transcription. In both domains, transcription factors, activators, and repressors provide regulation.
d. Prokaryotes show co-transcriptional translation that occurs in the nucleus whereas eukaryotes
testify transcription prior to translation. In both cell types, regulation occurs using transcription factors, activators, and repressors.
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Problem 44
Lactose digestion in $Due east$ . coli begins with its hydrolysis by the enzyme $\beta$ -galactosidase. The gene encoding $\beta$ -galactosidase, lacZ, is office of a coordinately regulated operon containing other genes required for lactose utilization. Which of the post-obit figures correctly depicts the interactions at the $lac$ operon when lactose is not being utilized?
Alexandra Thou.
Numerade Educator
Problem 45
What would be the issue of a mutation in the repressor poly peptide that prevented information technology from binding lactose?
a. The repressor volition bind to lactose when it is removed from the operator.
b. The repressor will demark the operator in the presence of lactose.
c. The repressor will not demark the operator in the presence of lactose.
d. The repressor will not bind the operator in the absence of lactose.
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Problem 46
What type of modification might be observed in the GR gene in all newborn rats?
a. The Deoxyribonucleic acid will have many methyl molecules.
b. The Dna will have many acetyl molecules.
c. The Deoxyribonucleic acid will take few methyl groups.
d. The histones will accept many acetyl groups.
Eric G.
Numerade Educator
Problem 47
What type of modification will exist observed in the GR gene in the highly nurtured rats?
a. The DNA will have many methyl molecules.
b. The Deoxyribonucleic acid will have many acetyl molecules.
c. The DNA will take few methyl groups.
d. The histones will take few acetyl groups.
Alyssa M.
Numerade Educator
Problem 48
The level of transcription of a factor is tested by creating deletions in the gene as shown in the illustration. These modified genes are tested for their level of transcription: $(++)$ normal transcription levels; $(+)$ low transcription levels; $(+++)$ high transcription levels. Which deletion is in an enhancer involved in regulating the factor?
a. deletion 1
b. deletion 2
c. deletion 3
d. deletion 4
Eric Thou.
Numerade Educator
Problem 49
Which deletion is in a repressor involved in regulating the cistron?
a. deletion ane
b. deletion 2
c. deletion 3
d. deletion 4
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Problem 50
The diagram provided shows different regions (1-5) of a pre-mRNA molecule, a mature-mRNA molecule, and the poly peptide corresponding to the mRNA. A mutation in which region is virtually likely to be damaging to the jail cell?
a. 1
b. 2
c. three
d. 5
Eric G.
Numerade Educator
Trouble 51
What do regions 1 and v stand for to?
a. exons
b. introns
c. promoters
d. untranslated regions
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Problem 52
What are regions 1 through 5 in the diagram?
a. 1, iii, and 5 are exons; two and 4 are introns.
b. 2 and iv are exons; ane,3, and 5 are introns.
c. 1 and 5 are exons; 2, iii, and 4 are introns.
d. 2, 3, and 4 are exons; 1 and v are introns.
Eric G.
Numerade Educator
Problem 53
A mutation results in the formation of the mutated maturemRNA as indicated in the diagram. Describe what type of mutation occurred and what the likely outcome of the mutation is.
a. Mutation in the GU-AG sites of introns produced a non-functional protein.
b. A transversion mutation in the introns led to culling splicing, producing a functional protein.
c. A transversion mutation in the GU-AG site mutated this mRNA, producing a non-functional poly peptide.
d. Transition mutations in the introns could produce a functional protein.
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Problem 54
The diagram illustrates the function of p53 in response to UV exposure. What would exist the result of a mutation in the p53 factor that inactivates information technology?
a. Skin volition peel in response to UV exposure.
b. Apoptosis will occur in response to UV exposure.
c. No Deoxyribonucleic acid damage volition occur in response to UV exposure.
d. No peeling of pare will occur in response to UV exposure.
Eric Grand.
Numerade Educator
Problem 55
Which of the following will not occur in response to UV exposure if a p53 mutation inactivates the p53
protein?
1. Damage to Dna
2. p53 activation
three. p21 activation
iv. Apoptosis
a. i, 2, and 3
b. 3 and 4
c. 3
d. 2, 3, and 4
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Problem 56
What happens when tryptophan is present?
a. The repressor binds to the operator, and RNA synthesis is blocked.
b. RNA polymerase binds to the operator, and RNA synthesis is blocked.
c. Tryptophan binds to the repressor, and RNA synthesis proceeds.
d. Tryptophan binds to RNA polymerase, and RNA synthesis proceeds.
Eric M.
Numerade Educator
Problem 57
What happens in the absence of tryptophan?
a. RNA polymerase binds to the repressor
b. the repressor binds to the promoter
c. the repressor dissociates from the operator
d. RNA polymerase dissociates from the promoter
Nalvi D.
Numerade Educator
Problem 58
Anabaena is a simple multicellular photosynthetic cyanobacterium. In the absence of fixed nitrogen, certain newly developing cells along a filament limited genes that code for nitrogen-fixing enzymes and go nonphotosynthetic heterocysts. The specialization is advantageous considering some nitrogen-fixing enzymes function best in the absence of oxygen. Heterocysts practice non carry out photosynthesis but instead provides adjacent cells with fixed nitrogen and receives fixed carbon and
reduced free energy carriers in render. Equally shown in the diagram above, when there is low stock-still nitrogen in the environment, an increment in the concentration of gratuitous calcium ions and 2-oxyglutarate stimulates the expression of genes that produce two transcription factors (NtcA and HetR) that promote the expression of genes responsible for heterocyst evolution. HetR also causes production of a
betoken, PatS, that prevents adjacent cells from developing equally heterocysts. Based on your agreement of the ways in which signal transmission mediates cell role, which of the following predictions is most consistent with the information given above?
a. In an environment with low stock-still nitrogen, treating the Anabaena cells with a calciumbinding compound should forestall heterocyst differentiation.
b. A strain that overexpresses the patS factor should develop many more than heterocysts in a low nitrogen surroundings.
c. In an environment with abundant fixed nitrogen, complimentary calcium levels should be high in all cells,
preventing heterocysts from developing.
d. In environments with arable fixed nitrogen, loss of the hetR cistron should induce heterocyst
evolution.
Alyssa Grand.
Numerade Educator
Problem 59
Which of the following statements about Anabaena is false?
a. Decreasing the concentration of free calcium ions volition prevent heterocyst evolution.
b. In the presence of fixed nitrogen, NtcA volition non be expressed.
c. Depression fixed nitrogen levels consequence in increased PatS levels.
d. A mutation in NtcA that makes it nonfunctional will also allow next cells to develop as heterocysts.
Alyssa 1000.
Numerade Educator
Trouble 60
The operon model describes expression in prokaryotes. Describe this model and the essential difference in the way in which expression is regulated in eukaryotes.
Benjamin R.
Numerade Educator
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